How about?
Well, now we'll see a theme that already has a good time to be controversial ...
The origin of psychology as a scientific discipline.
Wilhelm Wundt
misunderstood genius, because for all that is remembered in the textbooks is for establishing a formal Laboratory of Experimental Psychology at the University of Leipzig, Germany in 1879.
Which sought to establish internal processes of the mind based on observations and experiments that saban introspection:
But almost no one remembers who wrote 17 volumes of the so-called People's Psychology (Volkerpsychologie), forerunner of Psychology Cultural and Transcultural
Well, with all omissions are said to be the father of Psychological Science ... well, this title also asked Americans for philosopher-psychologist William James
Author of the book Principles of Psychology , which is still published in Mexico by the Fondo de Cultura Economica
"Shine on you, crazy diamond" ... Friedrich Nietzsche: Apollo vs Dionysus
The Criticism of Science ... including psychology
Video of the last days of Nietzsche, enveloped in madness ... or not?
Nietzsche criticizes the basic beliefs constituents of scientific practice, or appear to be connected to it (list obtained from http://www.e-torredebabel.com/Historia-de-la-filosofia/Filosofiacontemporanea/Nietzsche / Nietzsche-CriticaCiencia.htm ):
"1. Their objectivity : the expression "objective knowledge" we mean that it is capable of describing the world regardless of the characteristics or traits of the person or group that achieves it. Knowledge is objective when it is not influenced by the interests or traits of the subject, he describes things without adding anything that really belongs to them.
philosophers as Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, Descartes, and much of the best of the philosophical tradition believed that philosophy could achieve this perfect knowledge, aseptic, neutral, and the emergence of modern science, many considered that real effort was made the sole and absolute truth typical of the western world. However, Nietzsche's position is radically contrary to these claims and another line connecting philosophy historically discredited: relativism, skepticism and subjectivism.
perspectivism Nietzsche defends the thesis that all knowledge is achieved from the point of view, point of view it is impossible to ignore: the characteristics of the knowing subject (psychological, social, physical, the personal peculiarity , the biography) are impossible to overcome one's own perspective, we can not let go of our subjectivity when we try to know reality, even the belief in objectivity is a point of view but a view that hides the relativity of their origin, their dependence on established conceptions and not evaluated or controlled.
2. The existence of natural laws : In the world there are no laws, laws which the scientist believes he has discovered are human inventions and there are no regularities in the world, no laws of nature. If we understand the laws of nature called regular behavior of things, Nietzsche rejects the existence of such alleged conduct regular and necessary, why things were going to behave regularly?, "Under what need?
Following an already known in the history of philosophy, the approach of Hume, Nietzsche believes that relations between things are not necessary (to use a classical term, are contingent) are perfectly well but could be another mode. Things necessarily behave according to laws or if it had a being that would force them to do so (God), but God does not exist, the laws and the alleged necessity of things are the inventions of scientists. If we believe in natural laws is because we want to believe, not because there really , the order in the world is an unfounded belief, we believe in that order to make more bearable existence, to feel more comfortable with the hostile environment. "Things do not behave regularly as a rule, there is stuff (it is a fiction), nor behave in need. In this world there is obeyed, as being something as it is, in such strength, such weakness is not the result of obedience, rule or necessity "(" The Will to Power ").
3. The validity of the exercise of reason : At this point the critique of science is included in more general criticism of any approach (including philosophy) which regards reason as the legitimate tool knowledge. The reason you can not justify itself: why believe it?; The reason is a dimension of human life, appears at a late stage in the world and most likely, says Nietzsche, the universe disappears, and nothing has changed with their disappearance. Along with the reason, the man found other basic dimensions (the imagination, the capacity for aesthetic appreciation, feelings, instinct ,...) and they can all move our view, all of them are able to motivate our beliefs. The reason is not better than other ways of achieving a knowledge of reality (in any case is worse because the world is not rational). Science is wrong to over-emphasize the importance of reason as a tool for understanding reality.
4. Legitimacy of mathematics : Current science believes that mathematics is an appropriate tool to express accurately the behavior of things. For Nietzsche, however, this way of understanding the world is even more wrong than other forms of scientism. Pure mathematics does not describe anything real, are human inventions ; in the world there are no straight lines or triangles, or any perfect figures referred geometry. In the world there are no numbers, even proper units. When we say something is one thing (a table, a tree, ...), we do is simplify the reality that we are given to the senses, deciding upon a concept, hiding its plurality and constant change. Mathematics without the use of qualitative dimension of the world, its richness and plurality. We understand the value that Nietzsche makes the math compared with the Platonic mathematician Plato and objective view actual entities that are beyond the physical world, in the absolute world of ideas, Nietzsche believes, however, that no such entities, or carried out in the physical world, let alone in an independent world and eternal: Plato, Pythagoras discovered the theorem that bears his name, for Nietzsche, it invents.
As for the origin of science, Nietzsche identifies two reasons:
Its usefulness : science allows us greater control of reality, forecasting and control the natural world, but recalls frequently, the efficiency is not necessarily a sign of truth.
is a consequence of a feeling decadent : science is also used to hide an aspect of nature that only manage to take strong spirits: the original chaos of the world, the Dionysian dimension of existence. Science puts us in a world comfortably predictable, orderly, rational. "
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