continue with our friends the Greeks, to make way for the minds of his successors, the Romans. We must therefore review a bit of Greek thought:
- Democritus thought that the soul was the most important part of the human body. For him the mind and body were composed of atoms, undivided physical units.
- Hippocrates (yes, the oath of doctors), became interested in psychopathology, and said the "sacred disease, epilepsy was not sacred origin, as commonly believed, because when I opened a cránero epilepticus (hopefully you have been dead) found only one brain and smelly jelly.
- Plato, one of the heavyweights of ancient Greece believed that there are two fundamental principles: Mind and Matter. For him the most important is the mind, as it is "the true reality, the most valuable thing, one to which all things must form and substance" (Thilly, 1914, A History of Philosophy, New York)
- also compared, in his book The Republic psychic structure of individuals with the state structure. For Plato the three parts of the soul (which is inseparable from the body) are as follows:
2. The mood provides emotional motivation to act in the form of anger, indignation, etc.. Is a source of courage and boldness. Is as the army and special forces, firefighters, Red Cross, etc.
3. Desire is the sheer appetite for specific things like food, drink and sex. It may be in direct opposition to reason. Plato arrives at this conclusion by observing the conflict between what people want and those who know what is best for them. Desire plays similarly the role that workers in society.
- For Aristotle the mentally ill and share characteristics with wild animals. I thought that was the heart where they were feeling and that had nothing to do with their brain.
- Let the Romans!
- distinguished between hallucinations and illusions.
- Do you know the difference?
- One of the most important thinkers "psychological" Roman was Cicero (106-46 BC).
- Reason, the Logos, is controlled everything.
- had the understanding of psychopathic personality or neurotic character, "where men are driven by the desire for gain, love of pleasure, and their souls are so disordered that they are not too far from the inconsistency of the mind (which is a natural consequence for those who lack wisdom) Is the infirmities of the soul are less serious than physical illness? "
- raises his voice against superstition and the confidence in the Oracles (to say today on the Internet and Wikipedia?)
- Epicurus (342 BC) meant that through the nerves was that they moved atoms, which collide with atoms of the soul, producing images, feelings, memories, etc.. Something like when two clouds collide and hence rain.
The Middle Ages, feudalism and
- Scholastic Scholasticism is a form of philosophy that adheres strongly to Christian precepts, and influences on Western thought for almost a thousand years.
- philosophy and theology are merged into a single thought
- There is only one truth
- Its general format is as follows:
- - Formulate a principle
- - Claiming the existing objections against this principle
- - refuted by a contrasilogismo
- - Compare the two statements
- For example, Thomas Aquinas (some Santo), leads us to the next exercise of thinking about God's existence :
Ex Motu The movability of everything that exists requires a motor first mobile. Ex
Cause succession of cases in the time implies first and uncaused cause. Ex
Contingentia The contingent nature of all beings implies a need for another operator. Ex
Gradu The existence of adjectival categories such as good, the beautiful, fair, etc., Must contain a supreme ideal realization of them. Ex
Fine The order of natural phenomena requires the existence of an orderly mind.
- Another St., this time Augustine, explains that the soul is a manifestation of life, and that part of the reason why and guides the body.
- tells us that feelings are changes that take place through the five senses, which requires the use of the organism to have an effect on the soul. Something like tracing ...
- The soul has different parts, each with different functions (OJO! This is the basis for what we will see later in the discussions on Functionalism):
- The part associated with the Knowledge includes the feelings, thought, memory and imagination.
- What is associated with the Will or the Will and Love Love is in the world or God.
The Renaissance and the Psychology
- The development of a road to knowledge without theology
- The political and economic base of feudalism in the countryside, Renaissance in the new cities.
- Feudalism = slaves Renaissance
- servants + tax =
- Crusades greatly boosted trade.
- is established economic and ideological power of the Vatican. Forces are fighting against Catholic hegemony.
Sir Francis Bacon
- Born in England, but spends its life in France
- Death
prison - is interested in perception, and focuses on studies of subjectivity
vision - Use experimentation to get away from Scholastic.
- However: "It should be noted that the design the scientific experiment is based on the hypothesis and not vice versa, are scientific theories that generate experimental predictions and not vice versa, as Francis Bacon wanted. The scientific research does not leave his house early in the morning with a great book, ready to observe and record everything you find in nature, on the contrary, the scientist does not leave his house (especially early) without have made a series of decisions: what will look, why will watch, what prediction has done, how will manipulate nature and how it will interpret the results. "(obtained from http://bibliotecadigital.ilce.edu.mx/sites/ciencia/volumen1/ciencia2/40/htm/sec_25.html )
Teresa Sanchez de Cepeda y Ahumada Velasquez (aka St. Teresa of Avila)
- He was interested in the interaction between the soul and divinity, which she called the relationship between love and faith.
- Used introspection to describe their experiences. Today we would say that Transcendental Meditation
used- In his book "The Interior Castle or the Mansions" (1577) describes the effects of an increasing concentration of care.
The Malleus Maleficarum (The Hammer of Witches)
- A treaty description of different pathologies (well, for certain groups and at certain times), many of them sexual.
- For its authors (Jakob Sprenger and Heinrich Kraemer) the psychological condition was caused by an evil spirit by demonic possession, and requires a magic-religious healing.
- Part One: The existence of witchcraft, collaboration with súcubus and Incubus, embodiment thereof, disparagement of women by their reproductive action, the duty to prosecute witches Catholic.
- Part Two: "The different ways and the effect of witchcraft, and how to correct "
- Describes the symptoms of witchcraft: describe psychological illnesses such as manic states, delusional psychotic episodes," the great evil hysterical "and so on.
- Sexual arousal was described in terms of sex with demons for both men and women. Especially in cases described masturbation and exhibitionism.
- Part Three describes the tortures, including the burning of witches who have not confessed their sins.
Psychology and Capitalism
- The psychology is experimental at the time its object of study is easily identifiable in reality.
- Based on the vicissitudes of the soul, C. Wolf wrote in 1734 a book "Rational Psychology" with themes of the current psychology.
- The rise of capitalism necessitates a science, a worldview that seeks to understand the individuality of the Homo Sapiens, is based on the concept of private property. One must understand the changes in the subjective world, and we must shape the behaviors necessary to obtain a better adaptation to changing times. Sounds familiar, does not it?
- doctors, teachers and physiologists need to better understand their subjects. Thus arises Psychology as such.
- "Lehrbuch zu Psychologie" by JF Herbart, is the first treaty that is grounded in modern psychology. The inauguration. It is based on the concept of experience, later transformed into the experimentation.
- is a treaty of Applied Psychology, argues that the contradiction of ideas causes pain, and that the idea more vigorously rejects the others and sends them beyond awareness, being as dominant and producing pleasure. Lays the foundation of the psychology of Freud with his concept of the subconscious.
- It is here that psychology disclaims philosophy, metaphysics and theology.
- Experimental method = Reliability and stability of results.
- The various objects of psychology are:
1. The Study of Behavior: Psychology Reactive
2. Subjective phenomena: Psychology of Consciousness and Sympathy
3. Thinking: Reflective Critical Psychology
4. The facts of consciousness, experiential or reflective, the search of the human soul, its nature and destiny: Ontological Psychology
0 comments:
Post a Comment