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KEY ISSUE 5: Wundt, Nietzsche and critical to science in Psychology

How about?


Well, now we'll see a theme that already has a good time to be controversial ...

The origin of psychology as a scientific discipline.


Wilhelm Wundt


misunderstood genius, because for all that is remembered in the textbooks is for establishing a formal Laboratory of Experimental Psychology at the University of Leipzig, Germany in 1879.


Which sought to establish internal processes of the mind based on observations and experiments that saban introspection:


But almost no one remembers who wrote 17 volumes of the so-called People's Psychology (Volkerpsychologie), forerunner of Psychology Cultural and Transcultural


Well, with all omissions are said to be the father of Psychological Science ... well, this title also asked Americans for philosopher-psychologist William James


Author of the book Principles of Psychology , which is still published in Mexico by the Fondo de Cultura Economica



"Shine on you, crazy diamond" ... Friedrich Nietzsche: Apollo vs Dionysus

The Criticism of Science ... including psychology


Video of the last days of Nietzsche, enveloped in madness ... or not?


Nietzsche criticizes the basic beliefs constituents of scientific practice, or appear to be connected to it (list obtained from http://www.e-torredebabel.com/Historia-de-la-filosofia/Filosofiacontemporanea/Nietzsche / Nietzsche-CriticaCiencia.htm ):

"1. Their objectivity : the expression "objective knowledge" we mean that it is capable of describing the world regardless of the characteristics or traits of the person or group that achieves it. Knowledge is objective when it is not influenced by the interests or traits of the subject, he describes things without adding anything that really belongs to them.

philosophers as Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, Descartes, and much of the best of the philosophical tradition believed that philosophy could achieve this perfect knowledge, aseptic, neutral, and the emergence of modern science, many considered that real effort was made the sole and absolute truth typical of the western world. However, Nietzsche's position is radically contrary to these claims and another line connecting philosophy historically discredited: relativism, skepticism and subjectivism.

perspectivism Nietzsche defends the thesis that all knowledge is achieved from the point of view, point of view it is impossible to ignore: the characteristics of the knowing subject (psychological, social, physical, the personal peculiarity , the biography) are impossible to overcome one's own perspective, we can not let go of our subjectivity when we try to know reality, even the belief in objectivity is a point of view but a view that hides the relativity of their origin, their dependence on established conceptions and not evaluated or controlled.

2. The existence of natural laws : In the world there are no laws, laws which the scientist believes he has discovered are human inventions and there are no regularities in the world, no laws of nature. If we understand the laws of nature called regular behavior of things, Nietzsche rejects the existence of such alleged conduct regular and necessary, why things were going to behave regularly?, "Under what need?

Following an already known in the history of philosophy, the approach of Hume, Nietzsche believes that relations between things are not necessary (to use a classical term, are contingent) are perfectly well but could be another mode. Things necessarily behave according to laws or if it had a being that would force them to do so (God), but God does not exist, the laws and the alleged necessity of things are the inventions of scientists. If we believe in natural laws is because we want to believe, not because there really , the order in the world is an unfounded belief, we believe in that order to make more bearable existence, to feel more comfortable with the hostile environment. "Things do not behave regularly as a rule, there is stuff (it is a fiction), nor behave in need. In this world there is obeyed, as being something as it is, in such strength, such weakness is not the result of obedience, rule or necessity "(" The Will to Power ").

3. The validity of the exercise of reason : At this point the critique of science is included in more general criticism of any approach (including philosophy) which regards reason as the legitimate tool knowledge. The reason you can not justify itself: why believe it?; The reason is a dimension of human life, appears at a late stage in the world and most likely, says Nietzsche, the universe disappears, and nothing has changed with their disappearance. Along with the reason, the man found other basic dimensions (the imagination, the capacity for aesthetic appreciation, feelings, instinct ,...) and they can all move our view, all of them are able to motivate our beliefs. The reason is not better than other ways of achieving a knowledge of reality (in any case is worse because the world is not rational). Science is wrong to over-emphasize the importance of reason as a tool for understanding reality.

4. Legitimacy of mathematics : Current science believes that mathematics is an appropriate tool to express accurately the behavior of things. For Nietzsche, however, this way of understanding the world is even more wrong than other forms of scientism. Pure mathematics does not describe anything real, are human inventions ; in the world there are no straight lines or triangles, or any perfect figures referred geometry. In the world there are no numbers, even proper units. When we say something is one thing (a table, a tree, ...), we do is simplify the reality that we are given to the senses, deciding upon a concept, hiding its plurality and constant change. Mathematics without the use of qualitative dimension of the world, its richness and plurality. We understand the value that Nietzsche makes the math compared with the Platonic mathematician Plato and objective view actual entities that are beyond the physical world, in the absolute world of ideas, Nietzsche believes, however, that no such entities, or carried out in the physical world, let alone in an independent world and eternal: Plato, Pythagoras discovered the theorem that bears his name, for Nietzsche, it invents.

As for the origin of science, Nietzsche identifies two reasons:

Its usefulness : science allows us greater control of reality, forecasting and control the natural world, but recalls frequently, the efficiency is not necessarily a sign of truth.

is a consequence of a feeling decadent : science is also used to hide an aspect of nature that only manage to take strong spirits: the original chaos of the world, the Dionysian dimension of existence. Science puts us in a world comfortably predictable, orderly, rational. "

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ITEM 4: The definition of science and scientific methodology in psychology

Benvingut! (Welcome in Catalan)

In this part of the course As we enter more deeply into the conception of psychology as a science. Well, in my view, is a good example of scientific understanding of human nature, but yet I do not think I have a similar status to science natural, such as biology or physics.

Why say this? Because, for starters, there is a psychology, but many psychologies, each with a different conception of what is the object of psychological study. Furthermore, in the seeds of psychology (or psychology) located the idea of \u200b\u200bScience, a strong and valid knowledge about the world, in this case the psycho-social world. But let me say that there is no single standard conception of what is science. We're not even sure there may be an absolute objectivity, which is the cornerstone of most definitions of science.

But for purposes of advancing exploration Psychology (from now on I will speak in the singular about this broad field of knowledge), have sought to try to point out the highlights of the traditional definition of science.

What is Science?

According to Madsen (1985), the author described in the textbook, describes science as a sociocultural system of individuals dedicated to research and theoretical and philosophical thought.

Another interesting point of science is to produce scientific texts at three levels:

• A philosophical meta



• A theoretical and hypothetical level



• A
empirical level

From Auguste Comte and Stuart Mill, the parents of the movement called positivism, until the end of the First World War, science was based primarily on a series of observations and descriptions, ie empirical research.

is in this period arose the theory of evolution

pasteurization processes and rabies vaccine developed by Pasteur, economic observations of Marx and job descriptions provided by Freud subconscious mind.

The Circle neopositivists Vienna proposed adding the theoretical principles to empirical research, in order "to produce theories conceived as groups of testable hypotheses and explanatory models" (from page 37 of textbook).

When the Americans had shown the lethality of its atomic bomb, that is, when World War II ended, a philosopher named Karl Popper said the philosophical thinking coupled with theoretical and empirical research. The role of philosophy in science is to establish what another philosopher, Kuhn called paradigms . According

Kuhn there are two ways to understand the progress of knowledge:

1. The cumulative growth within a given paradigm.

2. Progress due to a complete reorganization of existing knowledge, which is known as the revolutions of the paradigms.

An example of paradigm revolution Freud's approach to mental disorders are caused by unresolved sexual problems in imfancia.

Science and Technology

However, it would mean that there is a fundamental difference between science and technology. Science is one way to gain knowledge through the study of the environment without serves other interests, economic or ideological, meaning it is ethically neutral and designed for better understanding of humanity and its environment. The science is humanistic, not technology, since it has the purpose of making life easier for the advancement of humanity.

In theory you could do science just for the pleasure of knowing, while creating technology due to principles, interests and ideologies. However, things are not so clear: Scientists are human, belong to groups with philosophies of life, political, religious and economic very different. It is therefore important to keep in mind that we are seeing Psychology only from a very specific corner of the world.

To delve deeper into this very human aspect of science, I present to Bruno Latour

who has an excellent website with essential works on the social studies of scientific production:

http: / / www.bruno-latour.fr/biography.html

Scientific Principles of Psychology

I.

steps

There are some fundamental principles from a Western scientific perspective to make psychology become a science. These principles are not fully accepted by all psychologists, but are part of the primary requirements of those who think that psychology can be objective and measurable:

Create and use a hypothesis

"This is a statement clear how we that can address a given problem.

-A hypothesis is a prior belief, so may be biased in some way the discovery and analysis of data.

There are other ways of understanding the environment and generate knowledge, without using hypotheses. For example, experiment without using previous notions of what we believe will happen, ie to "see what happens," as do anthropologists, or state the problem of interest as clearly as possible without taking sides on the possible outcomes, as do sociologists.

design experiments

If we want is to check something and refute alternative explanations, which we use is an experiment. To do this we must carry out several steps:

a) Establish independent variables, ie to clearly define what we want to study the effects.

b) Clearly describe the object or subject on which the variable will act independently.

c) Control: Define with precision the circumstances performance of the independent variables.

d) Control: Describe clearly characteristics of objects or subjects.

e) describe and define clearly the aspect that we wish to study all possible independent variable may have on the subject or object. To this end we call dependent variable because it depends on the effects of independent variables.

Carry out the experiment

a) By persons trained for it, that is, scientists

b) Write down any deviation

Analysis of results

a) Verify or disprove hypotheses in a statistical way

and / or

b) Establish categories for qualitative analysis

II. Critically analyze

Well, now that we have analyzed the data, you must re-evaluate the design and establish critical that could have been improved, and if it is not obtained on the assumption sought to determine which failed and which of above steps.

III. systematically doubt

A sound research requires the search for cases or situations in which solutions or contradict findings from the experiment.

IV Using deduction or inference

depends ... whether the glass is half full or half empty ... everything is relative.

V.

generate theory is a general principle which helps us to understand most of the observations in the context of this principle.

VI. Verifiability

1. Consistency of use of the methods:

always equal 2. Explained step by step, reproducible (and recipes)

3. When it will be replicated the same results (although this does not happen often in the non-positivist qualitative research)

VII. The Predictability

a) To be a scientific fact, we must go beyond chance.

b) There is no scientific law can not predict whether an event 100%, given the presence of another.

c) This can be extrapolated to individuals in the social sciences, including psychology ... Really?

VII Diffusion

This principle is important, because if there is publication and dissemination of scientific findings then there is science itself. Americans (and Canadians) have a saying very true:

Publish or Perish ...

One of the major problems of science in Mexico is its limited distribution. There is almost no science journals, except in the social sciences, and científicias activities such as conventions, are few and rare.

I invite you not only with the information are I offer in the classroom or on the blog, and is catching the scientific search for knowledge in this exciting discipline.

Incidentally, an interesting blog on the creation and dissemination of knowledge in the era of new technologies is to Janneth Pinzon Avila, which I recommend to go:

http://jannethpinzon.com/ ciencia/ciencia-en-la-era-20 /

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now available textbook in the University Bookstore: Introduction to Psychology: An ecosystem approach.

is important that we acquire as we approach the day of the first evaluation. It is important to read the material available in uacjonline.

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ITEM 3: philosophical approaches Rome and Christian religious thought, the Renaissance and the emergence of capitalism and Psychology

continue with our friends the Greeks, to make way for the minds of his successors, the Romans. We must therefore review a bit of Greek thought:

• Democritus thought that the soul was the most important part of the human body. For him the mind and body were composed of atoms, undivided physical units.



• Hippocrates (yes, the oath of doctors), became interested in psychopathology, and said the "sacred disease, epilepsy was not sacred origin, as commonly believed, because when I opened a cránero epilepticus (hopefully you have been dead) found only one brain and smelly jelly.
  
  


• Plato, one of the heavyweights of ancient Greece believed that there are two fundamental principles: Mind and Matter. For him the most important is the mind, as it is "the true reality, the most valuable thing, one to which all things must form and substance" (Thilly, 1914, A History of Philosophy, New York)


• also compared, in his book The Republic psychic structure of individuals with the state structure. For Plato the three parts of the soul (which is inseparable from the body) are as follows:

1. Reason: equivalent to the role of governments in the ideal state. Can ensure the good of all, it is not egoísta.Puede make plans to get the best possible way certain purposes. It conveys the love of truth.

2. The mood provides emotional motivation to act in the form of anger, indignation, etc.. Is a source of courage and boldness. Is as the army and special forces, firefighters, Red Cross, etc.

3. Desire is the sheer appetite for specific things like food, drink and sex. It may be in direct opposition to reason. Plato arrives at this conclusion by observing the conflict between what people want and those who know what is best for them. Desire plays similarly the role that workers in society.

• For Aristotle the mentally ill and share characteristics with wild animals. I thought that was the heart where they were feeling and that had nothing to do with their brain.


• Let the Romans!

Asclepiades was an innovator of mental therapy. He believed that the change in the interatomic spaces in the human body determined the occurrence of diseases. The soul did not have a specific place in the body, but erea convergence of all perceptions.

• distinguished between hallucinations and illusions.
  
• Do you know the difference?

• One of the most important thinkers "psychological" Roman was Cicero (106-46 BC).


• Reason, the Logos, is controlled everything.


• had the understanding of psychopathic personality or neurotic character, "where men are driven by the desire for gain, love of pleasure, and their souls are so disordered that they are not too far from the inconsistency of the mind (which is a natural consequence for those who lack wisdom) Is the infirmities of the soul are less serious than physical illness? "


• raises his voice against superstition and the confidence in the Oracles (to say today on the Internet and Wikipedia?)


• Epicurus (342 BC) meant that through the nerves was that they moved atoms, which collide with atoms of the soul, producing images, feelings, memories, etc.. Something like when two clouds collide and hence rain.

The Middle Ages, feudalism and

• Scholastic Scholasticism is a form of philosophy that adheres strongly to Christian precepts, and influences on Western thought for almost a thousand years.


• philosophy and theology are merged into a single thought


• There is only one truth


• Its general format is as follows:


• - Formulate a principle


• - Claiming the existing objections against this principle


• - refuted by a
contrasilogismo

• - Compare the two statements
  
• For example, Thomas Aquinas (some Santo), leads us to the next exercise of thinking about God's existence :

Ex Motu The movability of everything that exists requires a motor first mobile. Ex

Cause succession of cases in the time implies first and uncaused cause. Ex

Contingentia The contingent nature of all beings implies a need for another operator. Ex

Gradu The existence of adjectival categories such as good, the beautiful, fair, etc., Must contain a supreme ideal realization of them. Ex

Fine The order of natural phenomena requires the existence of an orderly mind.

• Another St., this time Augustine, explains that the soul is a manifestation of life, and that part of the reason why and guides the body.


• tells us that feelings are changes that take place through the five senses, which requires the use of the organism to have an effect on the soul. Something like tracing ...


• The soul has different parts, each with different functions (OJO! This is the basis for what we will see later in the discussions on Functionalism):

- The part associated with the Knowledge includes the feelings, thought, memory and imagination.

- What is associated with the Will or the Will and Love Love is in the world or God.

The Renaissance and the Psychology

• The development of a road to knowledge without theology
• The political and economic base of feudalism in the countryside, Renaissance in the new cities.


• Feudalism = slaves
Renaissance

• servants + tax =


• Crusades greatly boosted trade.
• is established economic and ideological power of the Vatican. Forces are fighting against Catholic hegemony.

Sir Francis Bacon

- Born in England, but spends its life in France

- Death

prison - is interested in perception, and focuses on studies of subjectivity

vision - Use experimentation to get away from Scholastic.

- However: "It should be noted that the design the scientific experiment is based on the hypothesis and not vice versa, are scientific theories that generate experimental predictions and not vice versa, as Francis Bacon wanted. The scientific research does not leave his house early in the morning with a great book, ready to observe and record everything you find in nature, on the contrary, the scientist does not leave his house (especially early) without have made a series of decisions: what will look, why will watch, what prediction has done, how will manipulate nature and how it will interpret the results. "(obtained from http://bibliotecadigital.ilce.edu.mx/sites/ciencia/volumen1/ciencia2/40/htm/sec_25.html )

Teresa Sanchez de Cepeda y Ahumada Velasquez (aka St. Teresa of Avila)

- He was interested in the interaction between the soul and divinity, which she called the relationship between love and faith.

- Used introspection to describe their experiences. Today we would say that Transcendental Meditation

used

- In his book "The Interior Castle or the Mansions" (1577) describes the effects of an increasing concentration of care.

The Malleus Maleficarum (The Hammer of Witches)

- A treaty description of different pathologies (well, for certain groups and at certain times), many of them sexual.

- For its authors (Jakob Sprenger and Heinrich Kraemer) the psychological condition was caused by an evil spirit by demonic possession, and requires a magic-religious healing.

- Part One: The existence of witchcraft, collaboration with súcubus and Incubus, embodiment thereof, disparagement of women by their reproductive action, the duty to prosecute witches Catholic.

- Part Two: "The different ways and the effect of witchcraft, and how to correct "

- Describes the symptoms of witchcraft: describe psychological illnesses such as manic states, delusional psychotic episodes," the great evil hysterical "and so on.

- Sexual arousal was described in terms of sex with demons for both men and women. Especially in cases described masturbation and exhibitionism.

- Part Three describes the tortures, including the burning of witches who have not confessed their sins.

Psychology and Capitalism

- The psychology is experimental at the time its object of study is easily identifiable in reality.

- Based on the vicissitudes of the soul, C. Wolf wrote in 1734 a book "Rational Psychology" with themes of the current psychology.

- The rise of capitalism necessitates a science, a worldview that seeks to understand the individuality of the Homo Sapiens, is based on the concept of private property. One must understand the changes in the subjective world, and we must shape the behaviors necessary to obtain a better adaptation to changing times. Sounds familiar, does not it?

- doctors, teachers and physiologists need to better understand their subjects. Thus arises Psychology as such.

- "Lehrbuch zu Psychologie" by JF Herbart, is the first treaty that is grounded in modern psychology. The inauguration. It is based on the concept of experience, later transformed into the experimentation.

- is a treaty of Applied Psychology, argues that the contradiction of ideas causes pain, and that the idea more vigorously rejects the others and sends them beyond awareness, being as dominant and producing pleasure. Lays the foundation of the psychology of Freud with his concept of the subconscious.

- It is here that psychology disclaims philosophy, metaphysics and theology.

- Experimental method = Reliability and stability of results.

- The various objects of psychology are:

1. The Study of Behavior: Psychology Reactive

2. Subjective phenomena: Psychology of Consciousness and Sympathy

3. Thinking: Reflective Critical Psychology

4. The facts of consciousness, experiential or reflective, the search of the human soul, its nature and destiny: Ontological Psychology

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UNIT 2: History of the Science

Good day!




Today we will discuss the issue of the origins of Western Science. We'll go on a journey back in time to Greece.

start with the first philosophers who talk of something similar to science as a route to knowledge.


In chronological order we talk about:

The Ionian represented by Thales , expressing that nature can be explained on its own terms, without reference to an outside arbitrator. That is, belief based explanations of the actions of the gods over the world were little basis for such.




This school of thought also contributed to the creation of deductive geometry.

You know, the classic geometry theorem teaches us Pythagoras:

"The square of the hypotenuse of a right angle is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs"


Sicilian Empedocles, another Ionian, found that air is a substance that exists, with his famous experiment in which water used to push air from a vessel, thereby demonstrating that the air is a corporeal substance. It also predicts that matter is composed of proportions of basic elements such as water, land, air and Hellfire. This would seem very basic today, but at the time was revolutionary, because it is away from the theological thought of the Consitución matter.


Atomic
Democritus
The conclusion reached by the philosophers of this school is that reality can be represented as composed of two entities: atoms and vacuum.



Aristotle and Plato: The comment

The days, months, atmospheric phenomena were recorded in ancient times by many civilizations, but although there were comments that followed a method scientist, for these civilizations the sun and the stars were divine entities, lo cual alejó sus hallazgos de la observación científica.

Aristóteles llevó a cabo observaciones sistemáticas, sobre todo de sistemas biológicos, con una reflexión muy profunda sobre su funcionamiento. Y aunque no haya sido muy acertado según los parámetros modernos y conceptuales, su influencia se sigue sintiendo hoy.

En base a las observaciones sistemáticas de los griegos en esa época surge la astronomía como la primera ciencia occidental: resultado de la observación, medición y predicción

Una buena referencia sobre Aristóteles y sus métodos de observación es el libro: Aristóteles y other animals. A philosophical reading of Aristotelian biology. PPU, Barcelona, \u200b\u200b1996. ISBN: 84-447-0561-7. 290 pp.

Plato's problem (from http://fueradelascavernas.blogspot.com/2007/12/en-el-siguiente-texto-se-explica-la.html )

"Because the truth is timeless (which is what is always true, as in the geometric theorems), outlining how to get that universally valid knowledge of objects in constant change.

Hence, the famous Platonic dualism between a world of intelligible ideas, eternal and immutable and a world of perceptible things, temporary and transformation.

Strictly science can only be intelligible, but then astronomy and physics would be doomed in advance (in fact the latter if it is precluded by Plato in the field of science.)

The only way to establish a science of the visible is found after this area of \u200b\u200bthe visible, any trace of intelligible, or in other words, trace elements purely rational in the context sensitive . This in turn requires specifying what makes a rational between the sensible.

Ultimately, the question is to understand what you mean applied to all things that affect our senses, and not just watch accumulating empirical data.

Einstein said, assuming a deeply Platonic position that the comprehensibility involves creating some order in the sensory impressions. And indeed, rational knowledge and order are terms never walk a long way from the other.

You can do science of the sensible world (light blue) only because it is ordered, or better, according to Plato, he has been ordered by the action of a Demiurge (in philosophy Greek matter can be ordered by a superior but not created, as in Jewish thought). "

The experiment of Eratosthenes


Through a series of measurements of projections of shadows from rods buried in the earth in two different places, and based on prior information, estimated that the land measuring 37.400 kms. In fact, measures 40.000 kms, so it was amazing precision.

Archimedes and pulleys

"Give me a fulcrum and lift the world"





After the Greeks: The Enlightenment



Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
The first of the moderns. He was one of the predecessors of the Enlightenment, trying to understand the world away from the dominant theology. Shows that the Earth moves around the sun, and that is not the center of the universe.





Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626): specific instances, induction

John Locke (1632-1704): The Senses and the tabula rasa

Auguste Comte (1798-1857): Positivism

Issac Newton




His method shows the potential to gain knowledge by going beyond what is directly observable.

description and causality: Beyond Aristotle

gravitational forces, directly proportional to the mass of bodies, indirectly proportional to the distance between them.

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ITEM 1: Science, Pseudoscience, Psychology and Justice for Gerard

Greetings!

started the first track and in shape, and here's a list of so-called pseudo that although there have been attempts by humans to try to understand themselves, not have managed to pass the tests or logic, or science:

The Phrenology

Art (considered by its originator Franz Joseph Gall and followers (some and some of which I know ...) as a science ...) to describe personality and skills based on the shape of the head.

The Fisiognomonía

http://www.auraonline.com/cursos.php?idcurs=19 In can read the following :

"Jean-Baptiste Porta fisiognomonía defined thus: 'It a method to know the customs and the nature of man and permanent fixed signs of the body, and the accidents that change the signs. "

This branch divination dates back to Hippocrates, but it was Aristotle who set the basic rules, namely: - outward appearance indicates man's character, - there is an analogy between man and animal, - the man who looks at a woman has a soft character, a woman who looks like a man has a bold and combative nature, - the weather influences on physical appearance.

But the real innovation y codificador de la fisiognomonía es Kaspar Lavater (1741-1800), cuyo trabajo representa el fundamento de la fisiognomonía médica contemporánea. El rostro es el espejo del alma y refleja sus sentimientos, sus pasiones y disposiciones. Sin embargo, esta materia psíquica, más o menos consciente, puede influir, a su vez, sobre la expresión del rostro y modificar lentamente los rasgos. Así, el hombre malvado se vuelve feo, y el hombre puro embellece.

Desde la Grecia antigua hasta nuestros días, se ha clasificado el color del pelo, la tez, la altura, la nariz, según los siete tipos planetarios y los doce tipos del zodíaco : así, los individuos con rasgos comunes belong to the same archetype . "

Here is the interpretation of human faces.

HEAD - Small: intelligence.

- Large: rudeness.

- Elongated: jealousy, envy.

- Round: openness, honesty.

- Square: activity, firmly.

-Triangular: intelligentsia, erudition.

- Broadband: extroversion, energy.

- Close: adaptability. TEZ

- White: peace, phlegm.

- Red: passion, energy, initiative.

- Yellow: pessimism.

- Dark, strong determination. EYE

- Limp: kindness.

- Turbio: bad faith, cunning.

- Green: anger, cruelty, perfidy.

- Blue: cold.

- Dark: intelligence.

- Round: ingenuity.

- almond-shaped, good humor. BOCA

- Large: hypocrisy, penchant for material things, extravagance.

- Small, shy, modest, self-interest. LIPS

- Meaty: sensuality.

- Fine: equity.

- Copyright: self-control.

- Twisted: unpredictability.

- Rounded up: good character.

- Rounded down: irritability, dissatisfaction.

FRONT - Wide: intelligence.

- Close: indecision, soft nature, greed.

- Flat: flat existence.

- Convex: greed.

- Rugosa: anxiety, reflection. EYEBROWS

- Thick, matted, firm and tough personality.

- Fine: individual variable and capricious. NOSE

- Columbine: proud, strong character.

- Chata: stupidity, violence, neglect.

- Pointed: individual mocking.

- Thick: kindness.

- Crushed: original personality.

- Long: accuracy, anxiety.

- Short: joy, superficiality.

- on broad: indiscretion, love of work, aggressiveness.

- Thick and long, Prudence.

- Thin and long, light, irritability.

- Small: confidential, quiet. CHIN

- Pointed: joy, changing character.

- Chata: communication problems.

- Broad, fleshy, neglect, indecision.

- Long: arrogance, pride, resistance.

- Short: fickle and stubborn person.

- Square: brutality.

EARS - Small, refinement, sensitivity.

- Cracked and small: hypocrisy.

- Large: anger, pride and wisdom.

- Long-jealousy, ambition, mind sharp, but devoid of practical sense.

- Cracked: ignorance, stupidity, materialism.

- Lobes great: independence.

- Lobes small, submissive and weak character, shyness.

- Attached to the head guy made.

- In the form of cabbage: originality, new ideas.

PROFILE - Convex: spirit alive and sharp, inspiration.

- Vertical (Right): individual quiet, determined, thoughtful, steady.

- Concave: dissatisfaction, excessive caution, and sadness.

This is without empirical foundation and scientific.

Although sometimes it seems like were right ...

Since the evidence is shocking:

Astrology (The Queen of Fraud)
According to the website http://www.auraonline. com / cursos.php? idcurs = 19 :

"In the old treaties, states that:
- the moon causes men to be chubby,
- Venus makes roses and graceful;
- Saturn's thin again and yellowish
- Mars gives great nose and a ruddy complexion;
- Jupiter a sturdy body and blue eyes;
- the sun gives light hair and noble features;
- Mercury acts on the mind and helps with nervousness. "

and Pluto?? Although it is the smallest planet has a heart ...

(continued) also distinguishes the type fire type water, air, land, taking into account conditions, appearance, complexion. So for a while astrology, and medicine fisiognomonía represented three forms of a single corpus: first, the signal footprint, the second indicator, the research system was evidence that the doctrine of stars had been determined, the third active intervention, concrete action on an area identified by the other two. "

Finally, the quackery is good business (and take advantage of new technologies!) :

" Here you can ONLINE [using Visa or MasterCard] ask analyze your sleep, your writing, your face and whatever your concerns.

If you want to know for example what are the incubus or succubus, which is the Pyromancy, etc. send us an e-mail and we will answer free. Ask us all that you can think about any of the items listed on this site.

If you want a personal consultation on physiognomy, graphology or onirología, we need the following information:

Physiognomy: If you want to know the character traits and psychological profile of someone or yourself , send us a picture and analyze it in profundidad.Te send the test results anywhere in the world for the price of Euros 60.1 plus shipping . The photo you send us by e.mail or by mail to the address below along with your personal data (name and last name, complete mailing address) so that you can refer the analysis.

ONIROLOGIA - INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS : Describe what you remember about the characteristics of sleep with as many details as possible, without omitting anything even if you think it does not matter. Also, tell us how many times has been repeated or if it is a dream alone. We can send it by mail or e-mail and send you the interpretation of your dream for the price of 30.05 euros more shipping to anywhere in the world. Do not forget, with your dream, send your full details (name and complete mailing address)

GRAPHOLOGY : Send us a handwritten text of more than seven lines and signs with heading mail (address below) and send you the test result for the price of 60 , 1 Euros plus shipping to anywhere in the world. Do not forget, next to your text, send your full details (name and complete mailing address)

PROFESSOR

ORTEGA AVE. ALFONSO XIII No. 4728016 MADRID - SPAIN

http://www.arkal.info/INTRODUCCION/onirologia.htm

And like this ... thousands!

addition, we have on the menu:

Feng Shui

No comments ...

(Please accommodate their chairs geometrically around their tables, to avoid "bad vibes "...)

NOTE: I am being sarcastic.

The Tarot

The "Gnosis" and the "Gnostic"
Samael, originally named Victor Manuel Gomez, a Colombian operator of the Instituto Cultural Quetzalcoatl of Psychoanalytic Anthropology, AC

This character t rat integrate most of the time by reasoning "circular "and unfounded, a" tutti-frutti "of psychoanalytic theories, anthropological concepts, UFOs, sacred texts (The New Testament in particular), all without any reference literature, nor presented any empirical evidence as to their observations human psychology!

An example of this comes from his book "Treatise of Revolutionary Psychology CHRISTMAS MESSAGE FROM 1975-1976" (1975, Colombia).

"In Chapter V, teaches us this gym Psychological management, and teaches the method to kill the ugly secret inside us (the defects) and teaches us to work on himself, achieve a radical transformation.
Change is necessary, but people do not know how to change, suffer greatly and are content to blame others, do not know that they alone are responsible for the management of your Life. "

Ah! His delusions included the caveat that it is about to collide with a planet called Earth Hercolubus, six times bigger than Jupiter, which even a "map" the Gnostics were acquired ( http://hercolubus.galeon.com/mapa. html):

Of course, the more you about this Mega-Metro, the brain waves of people affect the chosen few with whom they communicate telepathically .. .

and worst of all ...

The New Paradigm of the Maya

esoteric Quackery, which similarly to the "Gnosis", incorporates influences from traditional horoscopes, the pseudo-new-age philosophies and American Indian, Feng Shui and bad, very bad, understanding of quantum physics.

supposed to set a map of your personality based on the date and time of your birth.

The danger is that it has crept into some psychology courses, especially those dealing with cross cultural issues, confusing and distorting the objective of these issues.

The question that concerns us, therefore, is: Why is there such quackery, who benefits, and how it harms us?

Well, believe it or not, attitudes, attributions, and personal judgments on the behavior of others is still based largely on the observations of the human body and its attributes.

In a quantitative research about the attitudes people have towards the victims of sexual violence, found that people continue to attach different levels of responsibility to the rape victim based on the perception of attractiveness to it with , although the circumstances surrounding the event described have been exactly the same.

Photos taken from Luna Hernández, Jesús René, and Lara Jasso, Martha Julia (2008) "Attitudes Toward Victims of rape: A comparison on Different times and places." International Journal of Psychology: Abstracts of the XXIX International Congress of Psychology in Berlin , 43 (3-4), 251. ISSN 0020-7594. ISBN 978-1-84169-860-1